DEVELOPMENT 3

DEVLOPMENT

1.Learn C# Programming to Build Windows Applications, Games, and Enterprise Software

Page Last Updated: December 2025
By Vikrant Academy – Skill Development Team

Ready to start your programming journey with C#?

Whether your goal is to become a software developer, create Windows applications, build games with Unity, or strengthen your resume for IT jobs, C# (pronounced C-Sharp) is one of the most powerful and beginner-friendly programming languages you can learn today.

At Vikrant Academy, we help students move from zero to job-ready by teaching practical programming skills aligned with industry needs. C# is a core part of that journey.

Why Learn C# Programming in 2025?

C# is a modern, object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft. It is widely used for:

• Windows desktop applications
• Web applications using ASP.NET
• Game development with Unity Engine
• Mobile apps
• Cloud-based software and enterprise systems

C# is trusted by startups, MNCs, and government organizations worldwide.

Who Should Learn C#?

C# is ideal for:

• Beginners with no coding background
• Engineering and BCA / MCA students
• Job seekers preparing for software developer roles
• Students interested in game development
• Professionals switching careers into IT

You don’t need prior knowledge of C or C++ to start learning C#.

What Is C# Used For?

The versatility of C# makes it suitable for almost every type of software development.

Common Uses of C#

• Windows Applications (Desktop Software)
• Web Development using ASP.NET Core
• Game Development with Unity
• Business & Enterprise Applications
• Cloud Services (Azure-based systems)
• Mobile Applications (Xamarin / .NET MAUI)

If your goal is a stable IT career, C# is a smart choice.

Why C# Is a Smart Career Choice

1. Designed Specifically for Software Development

C# was created to build scalable, secure, and high-performance applications. Microsoft combined the best features of C, C++ and Java to design a language that is powerful yet easy to use.

2. Easy to Learn for Beginners

C# has:

• Clean syntax
• Strong type safety
• Automatic memory management
• Fewer chances of runtime errors

This makes it perfect for students learning programming for the first time.

3. Strong Industry Demand

C# developers are in demand for:

• Software companies
• IT service firms
• Game studios
• Enterprise solution providers

Companies value C# skills for long-term projects.

4. Excellent Salary & Job Growth

C# developers work as:

• Software Engineers
• Backend Developers
• Game Developers
• Application Developers

With experience, C# professionals earn competitive salaries and growth opportunities.

C# vs Other Programming Languages

Why Learn C# Instead of PHP?

• PHP is mainly used for small web projects
• C# is better for large, secure, enterprise-level applications
• C# code is easier to maintain and scale

Why Learn C# Instead of C++?

• C++ is complex and hardware-oriented
• C# is easier, faster to learn, and more practical for jobs
• C# is ideal for web, desktop, and business software

Do I Need to Learn C Before C#?

No.
C# is beginner-friendly and does not require C language knowledge. You can directly start with C#.

Introduction to C# Programming

C# is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language built on the .NET Framework.

Key features:

• Object-oriented design
• Automatic garbage collection
• Strong security
• High performance
• Cross-platform support

Core Concepts Every C# Beginner Must Learn

Classes

A class is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines:

• Variables (data)
• Methods (functions)

Example:
A Student class may contain:

• Name
• Roll Number
• Marks

Objects

An object is a real instance of a class.
Each object can access the variables and methods of its class.

Variables

Variables store data such as:

• Numbers
• Text
• Lists
• Boolean values

Common data types in C#:

• int
• string
• bool
• float
• arrays
• objects

Functions (Methods)

Functions define actions that an object can perform, such as:

• Calculate marks
• Display data
• Update records

C# “Hello World” Example

Here is a simple C# program:

using System;

class Program

{

static void Main()

{

Console.WriteLine(“Hello World!”);

}

}

What This Program Does

• Uses the System namespace
• Defines a class named Program
• Runs the Main method
• Prints “Hello World!” on the screen

This is usually the first program students learn at Vikrant Academy.

What Is .NET Framework?

All C# programs run on the .NET Framework.

It provides:

• Runtime environment (CLR)
• Memory management
• Error handling
• Security features
• Large class libraries

This allows developers to build reliable and scalable applications faster.

Tools Required to Learn C#

Compiler & IDE

• Visual Studio (Recommended)
• Free and powerful
• All-in-one environment for coding, testing, and debugging

Code Editor

• Visual Studio Code
• Notepad++ (for basic learning)

Best Ways to Learn C# Programming

Classroom Training

At Vikrant Academy, students learn C# through:

• Live instructor-led sessions
• Practical coding assignments
• Real-world projects
• Interview preparation

Self-Learning

• Books
• Practice problems
• Online tutorials

Online Courses

Structured courses help beginners learn faster with guidance and projects.

Why Learn C# at Vikrant Academy?

✔ Beginner-friendly teaching
✔ Practical project-based learning
✔ Industry-relevant syllabus
✔ Placement-oriented training
✔ Affordable fees
✔ Doubt-clearing support

Our goal is to make students job-ready, not just certificate holders.

2. jQuery vs JavaScript: Key Differences Explained Simply

Page Last Updated: December 2025
By Vikrant Academy – Web Development Team

If you are learning web development, one of the most common questions you’ll encounter is:

What is the difference between jQuery and JavaScript?

At first glance, both seem to do similar things—adding interactivity, handling events, and manipulating web pages. However, their roles, usage, and capabilities are quite different. Understanding jQuery vs JavaScript is essential for beginners as well as aspiring frontend developers.

This article explains the differences clearly and practically, without unnecessary complexity.

What You’ll Learn in This Guide

• What JavaScript is
• What jQuery is
• Key differences between jQuery and JavaScript
• Advantages and limitations of both
• When to use JavaScript vs jQuery
• Which one beginners should learn first

What Is JavaScript?

JavaScript (JS) is a powerful, high-level programming language used to make web pages interactive. It runs directly in the browser and works on the client side, meaning it executes on the user’s device.

JavaScript allows developers to:

• Create dynamic content
• Validate forms
• Manipulate HTML and CSS
• Handle user actions (clicks, scrolls, input)
• Communicate with servers using APIs

Today, JavaScript is everywhere—from websites and mobile apps to servers (Node.js) and even desktop applications.

What Is jQuery?

jQuery is a JavaScript library, not a separate programming language.

It was created to simplify common JavaScript tasks such as:

• DOM manipulation
• Event handling
• Animations
• AJAX requests
• Cross-browser compatibility

In simple terms:

jQuery is JavaScript written in an easier, shorter, and more developer-friendly way.

When you write jQuery code, it eventually gets converted into JavaScript that the browser understands.

Core Difference Between JavaScript and jQuery

Aspect	JavaScript	jQuery
Type	Programming language	JavaScript library
Dependency	Works independently	Depends on JavaScript
Syntax	More verbose	Shorter and cleaner
Performance	Faster (direct browser execution)	Slightly slower (library overhead)
Browser Handling	Manual compatibility handling	Built-in cross-browser support

Why JavaScript Is Important

Advantages of JavaScript

• Runs in all modern browsers without plugins
• Faster execution because browsers process it directly
• Works independently (no library needed)
• Ideal for complex logic and performance-heavy tasks
• Essential for modern frameworks like React, Angular, and Vue

JavaScript is the foundation of frontend development. Without it, jQuery cannot exist.

Benefits of Using jQuery

jQuery was created to make developers’ lives easier.

Advantages of jQuery

• Requires fewer lines of code
• Simplifies DOM selection and manipulation
• Handles browser inconsistencies automatically
• Easy animations and effects
• Simple AJAX calls
• Faster development for small to medium projects

For beginners, jQuery often feels more intuitive and readable.

Downsides of JavaScript and jQuery

JavaScript Limitations

• More code required for simple tasks
• Can be time-consuming for beginners
• Manual handling of browser differences
• Complex syntax for some operations

jQuery Limitations

• Extra library increases page load size
• Slight performance overhead
• Less relevant for modern large-scale apps
• Not ideal for highly optimized applications

Coding and Syntax Differences

JavaScript Example

document.querySelector(“button”).addEventListener(“click”, function() {

alert(“Button clicked!”);

});

jQuery Example

$(“button”).click(function() {

alert(“Button clicked!”);

});

👉 Both achieve the same result, but jQuery does it with less code.

When Should You Use jQuery?

Use jQuery when:

• You want rapid development
• You’re building simple or medium websites
• You need easy DOM manipulation
• You want built-in browser compatibility
• You are a beginner learning frontend basics

When Should You Use JavaScript?

Use JavaScript when:

• Performance is critical
• You’re working on large applications
• You’re using modern frameworks
• You need advanced logic
• You want long-term scalability

DOM Manipulation: jQuery vs JavaScript

jQuery

$(“.btn”).addClass(“active”);

JavaScript

document.querySelector(“.btn”).classList.add(“active”);

Modern JavaScript has reduced the gap, but jQuery still feels simpler for beginners.

APIs and AJAX Calls

Earlier, jQuery was widely used for API calls. Today, native JavaScript APIs like fetch() have become more popular.

However, jQuery AJAX is still useful for:

• Legacy projects
• Quick prototyping
• Beginner-level applications

Which One Should You Learn First?

👉 Learn JavaScript first. Always.

Once you understand JavaScript basics:

• Variables
• Functions
• Events
• DOM

Then learning jQuery becomes extremely easy.

At Vikrant Academy, we follow this approach:

1. JavaScript fundamentals
2. DOM manipulation with JavaScript
3. jQuery for faster development

jQuery vs JavaScript: Final Verdict

• JavaScript is mandatory for web developers
• jQuery is optional but helpful
• JavaScript builds the foundation
• jQuery improves speed and simplicity

Both have their place, depending on project requirements.

Why Learn Frontend Development at Vikrant Academy?

✔ Beginner-friendly teaching
✔ Practical, real-world examples
✔ JavaScript + jQuery + modern tools
✔ Interview-focused training
✔ Career-oriented roadmap

We train students not just to write code, but to build real projects.

3.Must-Have Android Development Tools Every Developer Should Know

Page Last Updated: December 2025
By Vikrant Academy – Android Development Team

Android app development has evolved rapidly over the years. With over 3 billion active Android devices worldwide, the demand for fast, scalable, and high-quality Android applications has never been higher.

Professional Android developers don’t start from scratch every time. Instead, they rely on powerful development tools that help them build apps faster, debug efficiently, and deliver a better user experience.

If you’re learning Android development or planning a career in mobile app development, these are the essential Android development tools you must know.

Why Android Development Tools Matter

Building a native Android app involves:

• Writing clean and maintainable code
• Designing intuitive user interfaces
• Managing backend services
• Debugging and testing across devices

Without the right tools, development becomes slow, expensive, and error-prone. The tools below are trusted by professionals and widely used in the industry.

1. Android Studio

Android Studio is the official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for Android development, powered by Google and based on IntelliJ IDEA.

It provides everything you need to build Android apps in one place.

Key Features:

• Intelligent code editor
• Visual layout editor
• Fast and flexible build system
• APK analyzer
• Powerful emulator
• Real-time performance profilers
• Support for Java and Kotlin
• Development for phones, tablets, TV, Wear OS, and Auto

👉 Android Studio is a must-learn tool for every Android developer.

2. Visual Studio with Xamarin

Xamarin allows developers to create cross-platform apps using a single C# codebase.

With Xamarin, you can build Android, iOS, and Windows apps together, reducing development time and cost.

Key Features:

• Cross-platform development
• Native-like performance
• Shared codebase
• Strong Microsoft support
• Secure and scalable
• Faster development cycles

Best for developers who want one app for multiple platforms.

3. Firebase

Firebase, backed by Google, is a powerful Backend-as-a-Service (BaaS) platform. It removes the need to manage servers manually.

Key Features:

• User authentication
• Realtime database
• Firestore (NoSQL database)
• Cloud hosting
• Push notifications
• Analytics and crash reporting
• Supports Android, iOS, and Web

Firebase is perfect for modern Android apps that need real-time data and scalability.

4. AIDE (Android IDE)

AIDE lets you develop Android apps directly on your Android device. It’s useful for beginners and learners who want to practice coding anytime.

Key Features:

• On-device app development
• Java, C/C++, XML, HTML, CSS, JavaScript support
• Interactive coding lessons
• Real-time error checking
• One-click app run
• Git and Dropbox integration

AIDE is great for learning and experimentation.

5. Flutter

Flutter is Google’s UI toolkit for building natively compiled applications from a single codebase using the Dart language.

Key Features:

• Single codebase for Android, iOS, Web, Desktop
• Hot reload for faster development
• Customizable widgets
• High performance
• Free and open source
• Strong community support

Flutter is ideal for developers who want modern UI with fast development.

6. React Native

React Native, developed by Meta (Facebook), allows developers to build mobile apps using JavaScript and React.

Key Features:

• Cross-platform development
• Native UI components
• Live and hot reloading
• Reusable code
• Strong ecosystem and libraries
• Large developer community

React Native is popular among JavaScript developers entering mobile development.

7. Unity 3D

Unity is a powerful game engine widely used for Android game development.

Key Features:

• 2D and 3D game development
• C# scripting
• Built-in IDE
• Physics and lighting systems
• Asset store integration
• Free version available
• Beginner-friendly

Unity is the top choice for Android game developers.

8. Hyperion

Hyperion is an Android app inspection and debugging tool. It helps developers analyze their app internally without external tools.

Key Features:

• Inspect UI elements
• Monitor app performance
• View logs and databases
• Modify storage values
• Debug animations
• Share inspection reports

Hyperion improves debugging efficiency during development.

9. RxJava

RxJava is a reactive programming library for managing asynchronous operations efficiently.

Key Features:

• Simplifies asynchronous programming
• Clean and readable code
• Better error handling
• Easy threading management
• Improves app performance

RxJava is useful for complex data flow and background tasks.

10. Figma

Figma is a web-based UI/UX design tool widely used by designers and developers.

Key Features:

• UI wireframing and prototyping
• Real-time team collaboration
• Developer-friendly design handoff
• Version control
• Third-party integrations

Figma helps bridge the gap between design and development.

11. Android Debug Bridge (ADB)

ADB is a command-line tool that allows communication between your computer and Android device.

Key Features:

• Install and debug apps
• File transfer
• Take screenshots and record screens
• Execute shell commands
• Read runtime logs
• Reset test devices

ADB is essential for testing and debugging Android apps.

Conclusion

The right tools can dramatically improve your productivity as an Android developer. From Android Studio and Firebase to Flutter, React Native, and ADB, each tool serves a specific purpose in the app development lifecycle.

Whether you’re a beginner or an aspiring professional, mastering these tools will help you:

• Build apps faster
• Reduce development errors
• Improve app performance
• Increase job opportunities

Why Learn Android Development at Vikrant Academy?

✔ Industry-oriented syllabus
✔ Practical app-based training
✔ Tools-focused learning
✔ Placement-oriented approach
✔ Beginner-friendly guidance

At Vikrant Academy, we don’t just teach coding—we teach how professionals build real Android apps.

4.Top 5 Python GUI Frameworks Every Developer Should Learn

Page Last Updated: April 2022
By Vikrant Academy – Programming & Software Development Team

Python is one of the most versatile programming languages in the world. While many Python applications rely on the command-line interface, modern software often requires a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to improve usability and user experience—especially for beginners and non-technical users.

Fortunately, Python offers a powerful ecosystem of GUI frameworks that allow developers to build interactive, visually appealing applications with ease. These frameworks range from beginner-friendly libraries to enterprise-level solutions used by professional developers.

In this article, we explore the top 5 Python GUI frameworks that every developer should know.

What Is a Python GUI?

A Python GUI (Graphical User Interface) allows users to interact with software using visual elements such as buttons, menus, windows, and icons instead of typing commands in a terminal.

GUI frameworks handle all interface-related tasks so developers can focus on application logic, performance, and functionality. They are widely used for building desktop software, mobile apps, dashboards, and data visualization tools.

Why Learn Python GUI Development?

• Makes applications user-friendly
• Ideal for desktop software and tools
• Essential for real-world projects
• Widely used in startups and enterprises
• Boosts resume value for freshers and students

1. Tkinter

Best for beginners and academic projects

Tkinter is Python’s built-in GUI library, making it the easiest way to start GUI programming. It is lightweight, simple, and well-suited for small applications and prototypes.

Key Features

• Comes pre-installed with Python
• Cross-platform compatibility
• Built-in widgets and layout managers
• Unicode and theme support

Pros

• No external installation required
• Easy syntax for beginners
• Ideal for learning GUI basics

Cons

• Limited customization
• Outdated visual appearance
• Not suitable for complex applications

2. PyQt5

Best for professional and commercial applications

PyQt5 is a Python binding for the Qt framework, known for building modern, feature-rich desktop applications. It offers a large collection of widgets and advanced tools.

Key Features

• Cross-platform support
• Advanced UI components
• Signal and slot mechanism
• Threading and memory management

Pros

• Highly polished interfaces
• Excellent documentation
• Suitable for large-scale software

Cons

• Paid license required for commercial use
• Steep learning curve for beginners

3. Kivy

Best for mobile and touch-based applications

Kivy is designed for developing multi-touch and multimedia applications. It allows developers to write one codebase and deploy it across multiple platforms, including Android and iOS.

Key Features

• Multi-touch support
• Hardware-accelerated graphics
• Customizable widgets
• OpenGL-based rendering

Pros

• Cross-platform development
• Ideal for mobile apps
• Smooth animations

Cons

• Non-native UI look
• Smaller developer community
• Large application size

4. wxPython

Best for native look and feel

wxPython is based on the wxWidgets C++ library and provides native UI components for each operating system. Applications built with wxPython blend seamlessly with the OS.

Key Features

• Native widgets
• Advanced event handling
• Drag-and-drop support
• Printing and file dialogs

Pros

• Native appearance
• Powerful and flexible
• Rich widget collection

Cons

• Frequent API changes
• Requires separate installation
• Slightly complex for beginners

5. PySide

Best free alternative to PyQt

PySide is another Qt-based Python GUI framework that offers similar features to PyQt without commercial licensing restrictions.

Key Features

• Open-source Qt framework
• Cross-platform development
• Used by major tech companies

Pros

• No license cost
• High performance
• Enterprise-ready

Cons

• Limited documentation
• Some C++ knowledge is helpful

Comparison Summary

Framework	Best For	License
Tkinter	Beginners	Free
PyQt5	Enterprise apps	Paid (Commercial)
Kivy	Mobile apps	Free
wxPython	Native desktop apps	Free
PySide	Qt apps (Free)	Free

Conclusion

Python GUI frameworks make it possible to build everything from simple desktop tools to advanced enterprise applications.

• Beginners should start with Tkinter
• Professionals can choose PyQt5 or PySide
• Mobile developers should explore Kivy
• Native UI lovers will appreciate wxPython

Beyond GUI development, Python is widely used in data science, machine learning, artificial intelligence, web development, and automation, making it one of the most in-demand programming languages today.

Learn Python GUI Development with Vikrant Academy

At Vikrant Academy, we provide industry-focused Python training with hands-on projects, GUI development, and real-world applications to prepare students for careers in software development.

5.Array Data Structures and Algorithms in Java: A Complete Beginner’s Guide

Page Last Updated: April 2022
By Vikrant Academy – Java & DSA Training Team

Arrays are one of the most fundamental and widely used data structures in Java. Whether you are preparing for college exams, competitive programming, or technical interviews, a strong understanding of arrays is essential.

In simple terms, an array allows you to store multiple values of the same data type in a single variable. Arrays are used everywhere—from storing student marks to implementing complex algorithms like sorting, searching, and matrix operations.

In this guide, we’ll break down array data structures in Java using real-life examples, memory concepts, and practical code snippets.

What Is an Array in Java?

An array is a collection of elements stored in contiguous memory locations, where each element is identified by an index starting from 0.

Real-Life Example of an Array

Imagine a box of chocolates:

• The box can hold only chocolates (fixed data type)
• Chocolates are placed next to each other (contiguous memory)
• Each chocolate has a fixed position (index)
• The size of the box cannot be changed (fixed size)

Java arrays behave in exactly the same way.

Key Characteristics of Arrays in Java

• Stores elements of the same data type
• Uses continuous memory allocation
• Each element has a unique index
• Array size is fixed once created
• Allows fast access using index values

Why Are Arrays Important in Java?

Without arrays, storing large amounts of data would be inefficient. Imagine storing 500 integers using 500 variables—it’s impractical.

Arrays allow developers to:

• Store large datasets efficiently
• Apply sorting and searching algorithms
• Implement DSA concepts
• Improve performance and code readability

Arrays are the foundation for many advanced data structures such as stacks, queues, heaps, and matrices.

Types of Arrays in Java

Based on dimensions, arrays are classified into:

1. One-Dimensional Array

This is the simplest form of an array, storing elements in a single row.

Example:

int[] numbers = {5, 10, 15, 20};

• Index starts from 0
• Access element using:

numbers[2]; // Output: 15

2. Two-Dimensional Array

A two-dimensional array represents data in rows and columns, similar to a table or matrix.

Example:

int[][] matrix = {

{1, 2, 3},

{4, 5, 6},

{7, 8, 9}

};

• Access element:

matrix[1][2]; // Output: 6

Two-dimensional arrays are widely used in matrix operations, image processing, and games.

3. Three-Dimensional Array

A three-dimensional array adds depth to rows and columns.

Example:

int[][][] cube = new int[2][3][3];

These arrays are rarely used in real-world applications but are important for understanding memory organization and advanced DSA concepts.

How Arrays Are Stored in Memory

When an array is created, Java:

• Allocates continuous memory blocks
• Stores the base address in the reference variable
• Calculates element address using index values

Even multi-dimensional arrays are internally stored as one-dimensional arrays in row-major order, which improves performance.

Steps to Create an Array in Java

Step 1: Declaration

int[] arr;

Step 2: Instantiation

arr = new int[5];

Step 3: Initialization

arr[0] = 10;

arr[1] = 20;

arr[2] = 30;

Shortcut Method

int[] arr = {10, 20, 30, 40};

Default Values in Java Arrays

Data Type	Default Value
int	0
float	0.0
char	‘\u0000’
boolean	false
Object	null

Advantages of Arrays

• Fast access using index
• Efficient memory usage
• Easy to traverse using loops
• Foundation of DSA algorithms

Limitations of Arrays

• Fixed size
• Insertion and deletion are costly
• Cannot grow dynamically
• Stores only same data type

To overcome these limitations, Java provides ArrayList, LinkedList, and other collections.

Arrays in Java Interviews & Exams

Arrays are frequently asked in:

• DSA interviews
• Coding rounds
• Semester exams
• Competitive programming

Common array problems include:

• Reverse an array
• Find maximum/minimum
• Linear & binary search
• Sorting algorithms
• Matrix operations

Conclusion

Arrays are the backbone of Data Structures and Algorithms in Java. A clear understanding of arrays helps you master more advanced topics such as sorting, searching, stacks, queues, and trees.

If you’re serious about cracking Java interviews or competitive exams, mastering arrays is non-negotiable.

Learn Java DSA with Vikrant Academy

At Vikrant Academy, we provide industry-oriented Java and DSA training with:

• Concept clarity
• Real-world examples
• Interview-focused problems
• Hands-on coding practice

6. Scrum vs Agile: Key Differences Explained Clearly

Page Last Updated: April 2022
By Vikrant Academy – Software Development & Project Management Team

In software development and project management, terms like Agile and Scrum are often used together—and sometimes interchangeably. You may hear statements such as “We should adopt Agile” or “Let’s move to Scrum”. This often leads to confusion.

Are Scrum and Agile the same thing?
Can you use Agile without Scrum?
Is Scrum possible without Agile?

To answer these questions, we need to understand what Agile really is, what Scrum actually does, and how they relate to each other.

Scrum vs Agile: The Short Answer

Agile is a mindset. Scrum is a framework.

Agile defines values and principles for building software, while Scrum provides a structured way to apply those values in real projects.

In simple terms:
👉 Scrum is one way to practice Agile

Understanding Agile

What Is Agile?

Agile is a software development philosophy that focuses on flexibility, collaboration, and continuous improvement. It was formally introduced in 2001 with the publication of the Agile Manifesto.

Agile was created as a response to the limitations of the Waterfall model, where development follows rigid, step-by-step phases such as requirements, design, development, testing, and deployment.

Why Waterfall Failed for Modern Software

The main drawbacks of the Waterfall approach include:

• Difficulty handling changing requirements
• Late discovery of defects
• Minimal customer involvement
• Long delivery cycles

Modern software needs faster feedback and adaptability—this is where Agile comes in.

The Four Core Values of Agile

The Agile Manifesto defines four fundamental values:

1. Individuals and Interactions Over Processes and Tools

Agile prioritizes people and teamwork rather than strict rules. Collaboration, communication, and shared ownership are essential for success.

2. Working Software Over Comprehensive Documentation

Agile focuses on delivering functional software quickly. Documentation still exists, but only when it adds real value.

3. Customer Collaboration Over Contract Negotiation

Instead of locking requirements upfront, Agile teams work closely with customers and adapt based on feedback.

4. Responding to Change Over Following a Plan

Agile accepts that change is inevitable. Teams plan in short cycles so adjustments can be made without major disruption.

Agile in One Line

Agile is a set of guiding principles that helps teams build better software through collaboration, flexibility, and continuous delivery.

What Is Scrum?

Definition of Scrum

Scrum is a lightweight framework designed to help teams implement Agile principles in a structured way. It provides clear roles, events, and artifacts to manage work effectively.

Scrum emphasizes:

• Short development cycles
• Transparency
• Regular feedback
• Continuous improvement

Key Components of Scrum

Scrum Roles

Scrum defines three core roles:

• Product Owner – Defines product vision and priorities
• Scrum Master – Facilitates the Scrum process and removes obstacles
• Development Team – Builds and delivers the product

Scrum Events

Scrum work is organized into time-boxed events:

• Sprint (usually 2–4 weeks)
• Sprint Planning
• Daily Scrum
• Sprint Review
• Sprint Retrospective

Each event has a specific purpose to ensure clarity, alignment, and improvement.

Scrum Artifacts

Scrum uses three main artifacts:

• Product Backlog
• Sprint Backlog
• Increment (Working Product)

These artifacts ensure transparency and shared understanding across the team.

How Scrum Works in Practice

1. Work is divided into small tasks
2. Tasks are planned for a sprint
3. The team commits to sprint goals
4. Work is completed and reviewed
5. Feedback is gathered and improvements are made
6. The cycle repeats

This iterative approach allows teams to deliver value early and continuously.

Scrum vs Agile: Key Differences at a Glance

Aspect	Agile	Scrum
Type	Philosophy / Mindset	Framework
Purpose	Defines values & principles	Defines roles, events & rules
Flexibility	High-level guidance	Structured implementation
Scope	Broad	Specific
Usage	Multiple frameworks	One Agile framework

Can You Be Agile Without Scrum?

Yes.
Agile can be implemented using other frameworks such as:

• Kanban
• Extreme Programming (XP)
• Lean Software Development

Scrum is popular—but it’s not the only way to practice Agile.

Can Scrum Exist Without Agile?

Not really.
Scrum is built on Agile principles, so without Agile values, Scrum becomes a mechanical process rather than an effective framework.

Final Summary

• Agile defines what matters in software development
• Scrum defines how to apply those values
• Scrum is not Agile itself, but a way to do Agile

In one sentence:

👉 Agile is the philosophy. Scrum is the practice.

Learn Agile & Scrum with Vikrant Academy

At Vikrant Academy, we help learners understand:

• Agile fundamentals
• Scrum roles & ceremonies
• Real-world project implementation
• Interview & certification preparation

7.How to Become a 3D Modeling Artist: A Complete Career Guide

Page Last Updated: April 2022
By Vikrant Academy – Creative & Tech Learning Hub

The journey to becoming a 3D modeling artist is rarely planned—and that’s what makes it exciting. Many artists discover 3D modeling accidentally: through video games, animated movies, architectural visuals, or even social media. What begins as curiosity slowly turns into a creative career.

3D modeling allows you to build anything you can imagine—cities, characters, machines, worlds—and refine them endlessly in a digital space. Unlike traditional art, mistakes aren’t permanent. You can undo, redesign, and perfect your work until it truly reflects your vision.

At Vikrant Academy, we believe 3D modeling is not just a skill—it’s a future-proof career.

What Is a 3D Modeling Artist?

A 3D modeling artist creates digital three-dimensional objects using specialized software. These models are used in:

• Video games and animation
• Movies and OTT content
• Architecture and interior design
• Advertising and product visualization
• Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)
• 3D printing and simulation

From animated movie characters to realistic product ads and game environments, 3D modeling has become an essential part of modern digital industries.

Who Can Become a 3D Modeling Artist?

You do not need a specific degree or background to start a career in 3D modeling.

Successful 3D artists come from:

• Engineering and technical backgrounds
• Fine arts and design fields
• Gaming and animation enthusiasts
• Completely unrelated professions

Many professionals are self-taught, while others learn through structured training programs like those offered at Vikrant Academy.

What matters most is:

• Consistent practice
• Creative thinking
• Willingness to learn

Core Skills Required for 3D Modeling Artists

1. Artistic Fundamentals

Understanding shapes, proportions, lighting, and composition improves model quality—even basic sketching skills help.

2. Creativity & Visualization

3D artists must imagine objects in space and visualize how they function, age, and interact with light.

3. Technical Comfort

3D modeling relies on software, tools, and workflows. Being comfortable with technology makes learning faster and smoother.

4. Attention to Detail

Professional models stand out due to realistic textures, accurate proportions, and small imperfections that add realism.

5. Communication & Networking

Sharing work on platforms like ArtStation, Behance, and LinkedIn helps artists gain feedback, recognition, and job opportunities.

Best Software for Learning 3D Modeling

Choosing the right software is a crucial step.

Popular 3D Modeling Tools:

• Blender (Free, powerful, beginner-friendly)
• Maya (Industry standard for films & games)
• 3ds Max
• ZBrush (Digital sculpting)
• Substance Painter & Designer (Texturing)

Game Engines:

• Unreal Engine
• Unity

At Vikrant Academy, beginners often start with Blender due to its versatility and zero cost.

Why References Are Important in 3D Modeling

One of the biggest beginner mistakes is avoiding references.

Professional artists always use:

• Real-world photos
• Concept art
• Material references
• Lighting references

Using references improves accuracy, realism, and storytelling in 3D art.

Helpful tools:

• PureRef
• Pinterest
• ArtStation
• Google Images

Learning Paths: Self-Taught vs Professional Training

Self-Taught Learning

✔ Flexible
✔ Budget-friendly
✖ Requires strong discipline

Professional Training (Recommended)

✔ Structured curriculum
✔ Expert mentorship
✔ Portfolio development
✔ Faster career growth

Institutes like Vikrant Academy provide guided learning, real projects, and industry-relevant skills.

Choosing a Specialization in 3D Modeling

You don’t need to master everything. Many artists specialize in one area:

• Environment Artist
• Character Artist
• Prop Artist
• Texture & Material Artist
• Game Asset Artist

Specialization helps you build a strong portfolio and niche expertise.

Career Options: Studio Jobs vs Freelancing

Studio Careers

• Stable income
• Team collaboration
• Large-scale projects

Freelancing

• Flexible schedule
• Global clients
• Multiple income streams

Many 3D artists combine both during their careers.

A Day in the Life of a 3D Modeling Artist

A typical workday may include:

• Researching references
• Modeling and texturing assets
• Lighting and rendering scenes
• Reviewing feedback
• Learning new tools or techniques

Creativity thrives with flexible routines and continuous learning.

Final Advice for Aspiring 3D Artists

• Start simple
• Practice daily
• Use references
• Build a strong portfolio
• Learn industry workflows
• Stay patient and consistent

3D modeling is not just about art—it’s about problem-solving, storytelling, and technical creativity.

Why Learn 3D Modeling with Vikrant Academy?

At Vikrant Academy, we focus on:

• Beginner-friendly teaching
• Industry-relevant tools
• Hands-on projects
• Career guidance
• Portfolio development

Whether you want to work in gaming, animation, architecture, or freelancing, 3D modeling can open powerful career opportunities.

8.Python vs C++: Which Programming Language Should You Choose?

Page Last Updated: April 2025

By Vikrant Academy Editorial Team
Programming & Career Guidance Experts

Python vs C++—this is one of the most common questions asked by students, beginners, and even professionals planning their next career move. Both languages are powerful, widely used, and trusted by top IT companies worldwide. But the real question isn’t which language is better.

The real questions are:

• When should you use Python and when should you use C++?
• Which language is better for beginners?
• Which one helps you build a strong career in software development?

Instead of diving into unnecessary technical jargon, this guide focuses on the big picture—real-world usage, career relevance, and practical decision-making.

Programming Languages Are Tools, Not Goals

Before comparing Python and C++, it’s important to understand one thing:

A programming language is just a tool. Problem-solving is the real skill.

Just like a skilled carpenter can use any hammer effectively, a good programmer can adapt to different languages easily. Once you understand logic, data structures, and algorithms, switching languages becomes much easier.

Python and C++: Key Similarities

Despite their differences, Python and C++ share several important traits:

✔ Mature and Stable Languages

• C++ was introduced in 1979
• Python was created in 1991

Both have evolved over decades and are trusted in production environments.

✔ High Industry Demand

Python and C++ consistently rank among the top 5 most-used programming languages globally. Companies rely on them for performance-critical and large-scale applications.

✔ Strong Career Potential

Whether you choose Python or C++, mastering either can lead to high-paying roles in software development, data science, gaming, AI, and embedded systems.

✔ Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Both support OOP concepts like:

• Classes & objects
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism

Learning OOP in one language makes it easier to learn the other.

Ease of Learning: Python Takes the Lead 🏆

When it comes to beginners, Python clearly wins.

Why Python Is Easier to Learn

Python is:

• Dynamically typed
• Interpreted
• Automatically memory-managed (garbage collection)

This means:

• Less code
• Fewer syntax errors
• Faster experimentation

C++ Learning Curve

C++ is:

• Statically typed
• Compiled
• Manually memory-managed

While this makes C++ more complex, it also teaches deep programming fundamentals like memory handling and performance optimization.

📌 Verdict:
If you’re starting from zero, Python helps you build confidence quickly.

Performance & Speed: C++ Is the Clear Winner 🚀

C++ is significantly faster than Python.

Why C++ Is Faster

• Code is compiled directly into machine language
• No runtime interpretation
• Better control over memory and system resources

Python trades performance for simplicity. That’s not a disadvantage—it’s a design choice.

Rule of thumb:
If Python is fast enough for your application, use it. Don’t optimize too early.

Python + C++: The Best of Both Worlds

An important fact many beginners don’t know:

👉 Python and C++ can work together.

Many popular Python libraries (like NumPy, TensorFlow) use C++ internally for speed while providing a Python interface for ease of use.

This turns the debate from “Python vs C++” into “Python AND C++”.

Choosing the Right Language by Application

🌐 Web Development

Winner: Python

Python frameworks like:

• Django
• Flask
• FastAPI

make backend development faster and cleaner. C++ is rarely used directly for web apps.

🤖 Artificial Intelligence & Data Science

Winner: Python

Python dominates due to:

• NumPy
• Pandas
• Scikit-learn
• TensorFlow
• PyTorch

C++ is used behind the scenes for performance-critical components.

🔌 Embedded Systems

Winner: C++

Microcontrollers and low-level hardware demand:

• Speed
• Determinism
• Low memory usage

Python is rarely used at this level.

🦾 Robotics

Winner: Python + C++

• Python → Rapid prototyping
• C++ → Real-time performance

Robotics frameworks like ROS support both languages.

🎮 Game Development

Winner: C++

Game engines need:

• Extreme performance
• Low latency
• Fine memory control

Most professional game engines are built using C++.

Python vs C++ for Beginners: What Should You Learn First?

If You’re a Complete Beginner:

1. Start with Python
   • Faster learning
   • Quick results
   • High motivation
2. Then learn C++
   • Understand memory, compilation, and performance
   • Build strong core programming knowledge

This combination makes you a well-rounded developer.

Final Verdict: Python vs C++

Goal	Best Choice
Learn programming fast	Python
High-performance systems	C++
AI / Data Science	Python
Embedded & Games	C++
Long-term career growth	Python + C++

Learn Python and C++ the Right Way with Vikrant Academy

At Vikrant Academy, we focus on:

• Step-by-step learning
• Strong fundamentals
• Industry-oriented training
• Practical projects

Whether you’re a beginner or planning to upgrade your skills, learning both Python and C++ gives you a competitive edge in today’s tech industry.

Page Last Updated: April 2025
Vikrant Academy – Empowering Future Programmers

9. Stunning Web Developer Resume Examples and Expert Tips (2025 Guide)

Page Last Updated: April 2025

By Vikrant Academy
Team of Industry Mentors & Full-Stack Developers

A strong web developer resume can be the difference between getting interview calls—or getting rejected in seconds. This skill is especially critical for junior and mid-level developers, who don’t yet have years of experience to speak for them.

Recruiters today receive hundreds of resumes per role. They don’t read resumes carefully at first—they scan them. That means you have 5–10 seconds to make an impact.

This guide will teach you:

• How to write a job-winning web developer resume
• How to pass Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS)
• How to analyze job descriptions and customize your resume
• How to build a resume even without work experience
• Real examples of strong vs weak resume content

Let’s begin.

Your Resume Is Your Personal Marketing Tool

Think of your resume as a product.

• Your skills = the product quality
• Your resume design & structure = the packaging

Even the best product won’t sell if the packaging is poor.

Hiring managers don’t have time to “discover potential.” They want proof—fast.

Your resume must quickly convince them to either:

• ✅ Call you for an interview
• ❌ Reject your application

There is no middle ground.

The 7-Step Framework to a High-Impact Web Developer Resume

To make resume writing simple and effective, follow this proven 7-step framework:

Steps 1–3: Prove You Can Do the Job

Steps 4–7: Package It Professionally

Step 1: List the Right Web Developer Skills

Before writing your resume, study job postings in your region (India, USA, UK, etc.). Then create a master list of your skills.

🔹 Hard Skills (Technical)

• HTML, CSS, JavaScript
• React, Angular, Vue
• Node.js, Python, PHP
• MongoDB, MySQL, PostgreSQL
• Git, GitHub
• REST APIs
• Responsive Web Design

🔹 Soft Skills (Human Skills)

• Problem-solving
• Team collaboration
• Communication
• Time management
• Adaptability

📌 Important:
Job descriptions often list a wish list. For junior roles, usually only 30–50% of skills are mandatory. Don’t panic.

Core Skills Checklist

Front-End Developer Skills

• HTML5 & CSS3
• Flexbox & Grid
• JavaScript (ES6+)
• DOM Manipulation
• Responsive Design
• UI Frameworks (Bootstrap, Tailwind)
• Chrome DevTools
• Git & GitHub

Full-Stack Developer Skills

Includes all front-end skills plus:

• Backend languages (Node.js, Python, Java, PHP)
• Frameworks (Express, Django)
• Databases (SQL & NoSQL)
• APIs (REST, CRUD)
• Authentication & Security basics

Step 2: Build a Strong Project Portfolio (Non-Negotiable)

🚨 No portfolio = no interview

Every web developer resume must include:

• GitHub profile
• Portfolio website (or live project links)

What to Include in Your Portfolio

For each project:

• Project goal
• Features
• Technologies used
• Live demo + source code

How Beginners Can Build Experience (Without a Job)

1️⃣ Personal Projects

Build websites from scratch:

• Landing pages
• Portfolio sites
• Blogs
• Dashboards

Modify colors, layouts, and features to make them unique.

2️⃣ Free or Low-Cost Client Projects

• Local shops
• NGOs
• Friends’ businesses
• College events

Real users = real experience.

3️⃣ Freelancing & Open Source

• Fiverr / Upwork
• GitHub open-source contributions
• Hackathons & coding events

Step 3: Showcase Achievements (Use Numbers!)

Recruiters love metrics.

❌ Weak Example

Built a website for a local business.

✅ Strong Example

Designed and developed a fully responsive website that improved Lighthouse performance from 42 to 95 and increased user engagement by 70%.

Always quantify impact:

• Percentages
• Speed improvements
• Traffic growth
• Client count

Step 4: Choose the Best Resume Format

✅ Reverse-Chronological Resume (Best Choice)

Recommended Structure:

1. Name & Contact Info
2. Resume Summary / Objective
3. Work Experience / Projects
4. Skills
5. Education
6. Certifications (Optional)

Why this format?

• Recruiter-friendly
• ATS-compatible
• Industry standard

Understanding Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS)

Most companies use ATS software to filter resumes before humans see them.

📊 Key facts:

• Over 75% of recruiters use ATS
• Nearly all Fortune 500 companies rely on ATS

If your resume fails ATS, it’s rejected automatically.

Step 5: ATS-Friendly Resume Writing Tips

✔ Do This

• Use standard fonts (Arial, Calibri)
• Use simple bullet points
• Save as PDF or DOCX
• Match job description keywords
• Use standard headings

❌ Avoid This

• Tables & graphics
• Icons & images
• Fancy fonts
• Skill bars & charts

Step 6: Resume Summary vs Resume Objective

Resume Summary (If You Have Experience)

2–4 lines highlighting:

• Role
• Key skills
• Achievements

Resume Objective (If You’re a Fresher)

Focus on:

• Skills
• Learning ability
• Career goals

Example (Good)

A detail-oriented junior web developer skilled in building responsive websites using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Experienced in developing real-world projects and collaborating in team environments.

Step 7: Tailor Your Resume for Every Job

Never send the same resume everywhere.

How to Customize:

• Match job title wording
• Use exact skill names from job description
• Repeat key terms naturally
• Highlight relevant projects

📌 Rule:
Never lie. Customize only with skills you truly have.

Bonus: Cover Letter Still Matters

Many recruiters read cover letters to:

• Judge communication skills
• Understand motivation
• Filter serious candidates

Write a custom cover letter for each job.

Preparing for Interviews

HR Interview Prep

• Practice common HR questions
• Research the company
• Prepare clear career stories

Technical Interview Prep

• Revise core concepts
• Practice coding problems
• Be ready to explain your projects

Learn Resume-Worthy Skills with Vikrant Academy

At Vikrant Academy, we focus on:

• Industry-relevant web development
• Real-world projects
• Interview preparation
• Career mentoring

We don’t just teach coding—we prepare you for jobs.

Page Last Updated: April 2025
Vikrant Academy – Building Careers, Not Just Resumes

10. 20+ C# Project Ideas to Sharpen Your Programming Skills (2025 Edition)

Page Last Updated: April 2025

By Vikrant Academy
Industry Mentors | .NET Developers | Career Coaches

Learning C# becomes far more effective when you apply concepts to real projects. Reading syntax or watching tutorials helps—but real understanding comes when you build something, make mistakes, debug errors, and improve your solution.

Projects give your learning direction, motivation, and purpose. They also help you build a portfolio, which matters far more than certificates when applying for jobs.

This guide lists 20+ C# project ideas, carefully categorized from beginner to advanced, so you can progress step by step and strengthen your programming fundamentals.

Why Projects Are Essential When Learning C#

• They turn theory into practical skills
• They improve problem-solving ability
• They build confidence in real-world coding
• They help you understand OOP, databases, and .NET deeply
• They make your resume stand out

⚠️ Important reminder:
You are not expected to understand everything at the start. Getting stuck is part of the learning process. Programming is a marathon, not a sprint.

Beginner-Level C# Project Ideas

These projects focus on logic building, syntax, and basic OOP concepts.

1. ATM Simulation System

Create a console or desktop app that mimics basic ATM operations.

Core Features:

• PIN verification
• Balance inquiry
• Cash withdrawal with limits
• Transaction history
• Daily withdrawal restrictions

Concepts Used:
Variables, conditionals, loops, classes, file handling

2. Student Management System

A small application to manage student records.

Features:

• Add, update, delete students
• Display student details
• Store data using files or a database

Concepts Used:
Classes, lists, CRUD operations, OOP basics

3. Number Guessing Game

A simple game where users guess a randomly generated number.

Enhancements:

• Difficulty levels
• Attempt counter
• Score tracking

Concepts Used:
Random numbers, loops, conditionals

4. Calculator Application

Build a basic calculator using console, WinForms, or WPF.

Features:

• Add, subtract, multiply, divide
• Input validation
• Keyboard support

5. Password Generator

Generate secure passwords based on user preferences.

Options:

• Length selection
• Uppercase/lowercase
• Numbers and symbols

Intermediate-Level C# Project Ideas

These projects introduce databases, APIs, UI frameworks, and better architecture.

6. Note-Taking Application

Create a desktop or web app to store personal notes.

Advanced Features:

• Search notes
• Categories/tags
• Markdown support
• Cloud sync

Tech Stack:
WPF / ASP.NET / SQLite

7. Film or Movie Library System

A personal movie database like a mini-IMDB.

Features:

• Add/edit/delete movies
• Search by genre or rating
• Fetch movie data via API

8. Online Voting System

Simulate a secure voting process.

Core Ideas:

• User registration
• Authentication
• One-vote-per-user logic
• Admin dashboard

Learning Outcome:
Security, authentication, system design thinking

9. Ecommerce Application

A simplified online shopping platform.

Features:

• Product catalog
• Shopping cart
• Order management
• Payment simulation

Tech Stack:
ASP.NET Core, SQL Server

10. Personal Information Manager

Store structured personal data like contacts and reminders.

Bonus:

• Data encryption
• Password protection
• Search filters

11. Twitter / Social Media Bot

Create a bot using APIs.

Ideas:

• Auto-tweet updates
• Respond to mentions
• Post scheduled content

Concepts Used:
REST APIs, JSON, authentication tokens

Advanced-Level C# Project Ideas

These projects simulate real-world enterprise applications and are excellent for resumes.

12. Search Engine (Mini Version)

Build a crawler that indexes content from websites.

Features:

• Crawl URLs
• Parse HTML
• Store indexed data
• Rank search results

13. Ebook Reader & Library

Manage and read EPUB or PDF files.

Features:

• File scanning
• Metadata extraction
• Reading interface
• Bookmarks and highlights

14. Online Examination System

Conduct exams with automated evaluation.

Features:

• Question bank
• Timer-based tests
• Auto-grading
• Result analytics

15. Banking Management System

A secure banking simulation.

Modules:

• Account creation
• Transactions
• Statements
• Role-based access

16. Healthcare Management System

Manage patients, doctors, and appointments.

Advanced Concepts:

• Role-based authentication
• Data validation
• Reports

17. Chat Application

Build a real-time chat app.

Technologies:

• SignalR
• WebSockets
• ASP.NET Core

18. Game Development (2D Games)

Create simple games like:

• Snake
• Pong
• Brick Breaker

Tools:
Unity + C#

19. Remote Desktop or Network Tool

Build a tool to monitor or manage systems remotely.

Concepts Used:
Networking, security, threading

20. School or College Management System

A complete ERP-style application.

Modules:

• Students
• Teachers
• Attendance
• Exams
• Fees

21. Online Survey System

Create dynamic surveys and collect responses.

Features:

• Question builder
• Result visualization
• Export to Excel/PDF

22. API-Based Weather or Finance App

Consume third-party APIs to show real-time data.

How to Approach Any C# Project (Step-by-Step)

1. Choose a project that interests you
2. Break it into small features
3. Build a basic working version
4. Refactor code using OOP principles
5. Add advanced features gradually
6. Push code to GitHub
7. Write clear documentation

Resume Tip for C# Developers

Instead of writing:

“Completed C# project”

Write:

“Developed a C#-based ecommerce system using ASP.NET Core and SQL Server, implementing authentication, CRUD operations, and order management.”

11. How to Become a PHP Developer in 2025: Complete Guide

Page Last Updated: December 2025
By Vikrant Academy – Web Development Experts

PHP is one of the most widely used server-side programming languages for building dynamic websites and web applications. It powers major platforms like WordPress, Facebook, Wikipedia, and countless other websites worldwide.

Even though PHP has been around since 1995, it remains highly relevant today thanks to modern frameworks, continuous updates, and a huge developer community.

If you’re thinking about a career in web development, becoming a PHP developer is a smart choice, whether you aim to work full-time, freelance, or build your own web applications.

What is PHP?

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a server-side scripting language that interacts with databases, handles form submissions, manages sessions, and dynamically generates HTML for web pages.

It is:

• Open-source and free to use
• Simple to learn for beginners
• Highly flexible for web and application development

Unlike client-side languages like JavaScript, PHP runs on the server, which means it handles backend logic while the front-end displays the content.

Why PHP is Still Relevant in 2025

• Large Ecosystem: WordPress, Laravel, Drupal, Magento, and other frameworks rely on PHP.
• Active Community: Thousands of tutorials, forums, and open-source projects help you learn faster.
• Cost-Efficient: Most shared hosting packages include PHP by default.
• Easy to Learn: No compilation needed, just a code editor and a browser.

Even with new languages emerging, PHP continues to evolve and remains a key skill for web developers.

What Does a PHP Developer Do?

A PHP developer is responsible for backend development, creating the logic and functionality that powers web applications. Typical tasks include:

• Writing code to interact with databases (MySQL, PostgreSQL, or MariaDB)
• Connecting web applications with APIs or third-party services
• Implementing authentication, user management, and data validation
• Optimizing performance and improving website security
• Writing reusable and maintainable code

A PHP developer may also:

• Evaluate existing PHP packages and libraries
• Conduct automated testing with tools like PHPUnit
• Analyze and improve web application performance

Skills You Need to Become a PHP Developer

Beyond PHP itself, a well-rounded PHP developer should know:

1. HTML/CSS – For rendering pages and structuring content.
2. JavaScript – To handle client-side interactivity and Ajax requests.
3. Databases – MySQL is most common, but PostgreSQL and SQLite are valuable too.
4. PHP Frameworks – Laravel, Symfony, CodeIgniter, or CakePHP accelerate development.
5. Version Control – Git for tracking changes and collaboration.
6. Basic Security Practices – SQL injection prevention, password hashing, input validation.

How to Learn PHP Step by Step

1. Start with Basics: Learn PHP syntax, variables, loops, arrays, and functions.
2. Practice Small Projects: Build simple apps like a contact form, calculator, or task manager.
3. Explore Databases: Learn CRUD operations with MySQL or SQLite.
4. Try PHP Frameworks: Laravel or Symfony helps you structure real-world applications.
5. Work with APIs: Connect your app to external services like payment gateways or social media APIs.
6. Contribute to Open Source: Study projects on GitHub to learn best practices.

Recommended Beginner Projects

• Personal Blog or CMS – Learn to handle posts, categories, and users.
• Contact Form with Email Validation – Practice form handling and PHP functions.
• Simple E-commerce Store – Add products, manage inventory, and simulate checkout.
• Online Quiz System – Implement questions, scoring, and timer functionality.

These projects will give you hands-on experience and improve your coding confidence.

Job Prospects for PHP Developers

PHP developers are in high demand worldwide. Roles include:

• Backend Web Developer
• Full-Stack Developer
• WordPress Developer
• Freelance Web Developer

PHP skills open opportunities for remote work, freelance projects, and positions at startups or large enterprises. Experienced PHP developers can command competitive salaries and work on projects ranging from small websites to large-scale web applications.

Freelancing Opportunities

Web platforms like Upwork, Freelancer, and Fiverr have thousands of PHP-related projects. Once you build a portfolio, you can:

• Take on custom website development
• Maintain or update WordPress websites
• Build small business web applications

Tips to Become a Successful PHP Developer

• Focus on practical projects, not just tutorials
• Use version control (Git) to track your code
• Keep learning frameworks and libraries
• Understand security best practices
• Build a portfolio on GitHub to showcase your work

Page Last Updated: December 2025
Vikrant Academy – Learn by Building

12. CSS OnClick: How to Create a Click Effect Using CSS

Page Last Updated: December 2025
By Vikrant Academy Team

CSS is a styling language, not a programming language. That means it doesn’t have a built-in OnClick function like JavaScript. However, using clever workarounds such as the checkbox hack or pseudo-classes, you can simulate a click effect with CSS for simple interactive elements.

In this article, we’ll explore how to create CSS-based click effects, when to use JavaScript instead, and tips to make your web pages interactive and visually appealing.

What Does “OnClick” Mean in Web Development?

An OnClick event occurs when a user clicks on an element, triggering an action such as:

• Changing the background color or image
• Highlighting content blocks
• Displaying hidden information
• Launching popups or dialogs

While JavaScript is traditionally used to handle OnClick events, CSS can be used for visual changes without scripting.

Using JavaScript for OnClick Events

If you want a fully functional OnClick behavior, JavaScript is the most reliable solution. Here’s an example:

function changeBackgroundIMG() {

var bg = document.getElementById(“bgIMG”);

bg.style.background = “url(‘newimage.jpg’)”;

}

document.getElementById(“btn”).onclick = changeBackgroundIMG;

How this works:

• The function changeBackgroundIMG() sets a new background image for the element with ID bgIMG.
• The onclick event listener on the button with ID btn triggers the function when clicked.

JavaScript is ideal when you need complex interactivity, animations, or data handling.

How to Simulate OnClick Using CSS

While CSS can’t perform actions like JavaScript, it can simulate a click effect visually using the checkbox hack.

Steps to Create a CSS OnClick Effect:

1. Add a hidden checkbox input in your HTML.
2. Associate a label with the checkbox using the for attribute.
3. Use the :checked pseudo-class in CSS to apply styles when the checkbox is selected.

<form>

<input type=”checkbox” id=”box” />

<label for=”box”>Click Me</label>

</form>

<style>

label {

display: block;

width: 120px;

height: 50px;

background: blue;

color: white;

text-align: center;

line-height: 50px;

cursor: pointer;

border-radius: 5px;

}

#box:checked + label {

background: green;

}

</style>

Explanation:

• Clicking the label checks the hidden checkbox.
• The :checked pseudo-class changes the label’s background color.
• This creates a simple click effect using only CSS.

⚠️ Note: This method is limited to visual changes. For real interactions like popups, alerts, or dynamic content, JavaScript is required.

CSS OnHover: A Related Alternative

For mouse-over effects, CSS provides the :hover pseudo-class:

<div class=”highlight”>Hover Me</div>

<style>

.highlight {

width: 150px;

height: 50px;

background: blue;

color: white;

text-align: center;

line-height: 50px;

}

.highlight:hover {

background: yellow;

color: black;

}

</style>

Hover effects are fully supported by CSS and can improve user experience without scripting.

CSS vs JavaScript: When to Use Which

Feature	CSS	JavaScript
Style changes on click	✅ limited	✅ full control
Popups or alerts	❌	✅
Form submission or validation	❌	✅
Animations on hover/click	✅	✅

• Use CSS for simple visual interactivity (colors, size, visibility).
• Use JavaScript for complex interactions, dynamic content, or form handling.

Why CSS OnClick Knowledge is Important

Understanding CSS OnClick techniques helps you:

• Enhance web page interactivity without heavy scripting
• Prepare for frontend development interviews
• Build lightweight and responsive web designs

Even if you ultimately rely on JavaScript, knowing CSS hacks expands your web development skillset.

Conclusion: Next Steps

CSS alone can’t replace JavaScript for real interactivity, but it allows you to simulate clicks and create visual effects. To become a proficient front-end developer:

1. Master CSS pseudo-classes like :hover, :active, and :checked.
2. Learn JavaScript event handling for full-fledged interactions.
3. Experiment with combining CSS and JavaScript for interactive UI components.

At Vikrant Academy, we recommend practicing these concepts on real projects to strengthen your frontend development skills.

13. How to Create Static and Responsive CSS Overlays

Page Last Updated: December 2025
By Vikrant Academy Team

CSS overlays are a powerful front-end design technique used to place a color, shade, image, or effect on top of an element. They are commonly used in web design for highlighting images, adding visual effects, or improving readability. In this article, we’ll explore how to create static overlays as well as responsive, interactive overlays using only HTML and CSS.

What Is a CSS Overlay?

A CSS overlay is any element or pseudo-element that sits above other content in the browser. It can be:

• A solid color with transparency
• A semi-transparent image
• A text or call-to-action element

Properly applied, overlays can enhance your web page design and guide users’ attention.

Creating a Static Overlay

Static overlays are perfect for toning down bright images or adding a subtle color effect. They are positioned absolutely above the content they cover.

Step 1: HTML Structure

Create a simple <div> for the overlay:

<div class=”overlay”></div>

You can place this inside a container or over any element you wish to cover.

Step 2: CSS Styling

html, body {

min-height: 100%;

}

body {

position: relative;

}

.overlay {

position: absolute;

top: 0;

left: 0;

width: 100%;

height: 100%;

background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); /* semi-transparent black */

z-index: 10; /* ensures overlay is on top */

}

Explanation:

• position: absolute ensures the overlay covers the entire parent element.
• rgba allows you to adjust transparency.
• z-index makes the overlay appear above other elements.

Pro tip: Experiment with different colors and opacity levels for custom visual effects.

Creating a Responsive Image Overlay

For interactive websites, responsive overlays are often used to display information when users hover over an image.

Step 1: HTML Structure

<div class=”container”>

<img src=”image.jpg” alt=”Sample Image”>

<div class=”overlay”>Overlay Text Here</div>

</div>

Step 2: CSS Styling

* {

box-sizing: border-box;

}

.container {

position: relative;

width: 300px;

}

.container img {

display: block;

width: 100%;

height: auto;

}

.overlay {

position: absolute;

bottom: 0;

width: 100%;

background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);

color: #fff;

text-align: center;

font-size: 18px;

padding: 10px;

opacity: 0;

transition: opacity 0.5s ease;

}

.container:hover .overlay {

opacity: 1;

}

Explanation:

• The overlay is initially hidden using opacity: 0.
• When the user hovers over the container, the overlay fades in smoothly using a CSS transition.
• The container and image are responsive, adjusting to different screen sizes.

Why Use CSS Overlays?

CSS overlays are useful because they:

• Enhance visual appeal of web pages
• Make text readable over images
• Provide interactive elements without heavy scripting
• Improve user experience on both desktop and mobile devices

For more advanced interactions, you can combine CSS overlays with JavaScript to show popups, tooltips, or dynamic content.

Conclusion

CSS overlays are easy to implement yet highly effective for front-end design. Whether you want a static effect to tone down images or a responsive overlay for interactive content, CSS gives you the tools to create visually appealing web pages.

Experiment with colors, positions, and transitions to make your overlays unique. For a deeper dive, consider exploring CSS animations, pseudo-elements, and JavaScript-enhanced overlays to take your web design skills to the next level.

At Vikrant Academy, we recommend practicing overlays in real projects to fully understand their versatility in modern frontend development.

14. CSS Nowrap: How to Use the CSS White-Space Property

Page Last Updated: December 2025
By Vikrant Academy Team

When displaying text on a web page, browsers automatically wrap text to the next line once it reaches the edge of its container. However, there are scenarios where you want text to stay on a single line, and that’s where the CSS nowrap value comes in. In this guide, we’ll explore the CSS white-space property, its different values, and how to use nowrap effectively in web development.

What Is CSS Nowrap?

The nowrap value tells the browser not to wrap text within an element. While you could use the old HTML nowrap attribute, it is deprecated and limited in flexibility. Using CSS provides more control and works across all elements.

The CSS White-Space Property

The white-space property controls how spaces, tabs, and line breaks are handled inside an element. Its common values include:

• normal – default behavior, collapses multiple spaces, wraps text
• nowrap – keeps text on a single line, ignores line breaks
• pre – preserves spaces and line breaks like the <pre> tag
• pre-line – collapses spaces but respects line breaks
• pre-wrap – preserves spaces and wraps text when needed
• break-spaces – preserves spaces, wraps text, and respects all whitespace

HTML Example

Here’s an example to demonstrate each value:

<div class=”box normal”>normal text example with wrapping</div>

<div class=”box nowrap”>nowrap text example that stays on one line</div>

<div class=”box pre”>pre text example with spaces preserved</div>

<div class=”box pre-line”>pre-line example preserving line breaks</div>

<div class=”box pre-wrap”>pre-wrap text that preserves spaces and wraps</div>

<div class=”box break-spaces”>break-spaces text preserving all spaces and wraps</div>

CSS Example

.box {

background-color: #007bff;

color: #fff;

padding: 15px;

margin: 15px;

display: inline-block;

width: 250px;

font-size: 14px;

}

.normal { white-space: normal; }

.nowrap { white-space: nowrap; }

.pre { white-space: pre; }

.pre-line { white-space: pre-line; }

.pre-wrap { white-space: pre-wrap; }

.break-spaces { white-space: break-spaces; }

What Happens With Each Value?

1. normal – Text wraps normally; multiple spaces collapse.
2. nowrap – Text stays on a single line; line breaks ignored.
3. pre – Preserves spaces and line breaks exactly as written.
4. pre-line – Collapses spaces but preserves line breaks.
5. pre-wrap – Preserves spaces and wraps text when reaching the container’s edge.
6. break-spaces – Preserves all spaces and allows wrapping at any whitespace.

Handling Overflow with Nowrap

When using nowrap, text may extend beyond its container. Combine it with the CSS overflow property for better control:

.visible { overflow: visible; white-space: nowrap; }

.hidden { overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; }

.scroll { overflow: scroll; white-space: nowrap; }

.auto { overflow: auto; white-space: nowrap; }

Explanation:

• visible – text continues outside the container
• hidden – extra text is hidden
• scroll – adds scrollbars for overflow content
• auto – scrollbars appear only when necessary

Why Use CSS Nowrap?

Using nowrap is especially useful for:

• Navigation menus
• Buttons and badges
• Preventing text overflow in cards
• Inline content like tags or labels

It keeps your layout clean and readable, especially for responsive web designs.

Conclusion

The CSS white-space property is versatile and powerful. With values like nowrap, pre-wrap, and break-spaces, you can control exactly how text appears in your layout.

Combine nowrap with overflow for professional, responsive designs. Experiment with these properties in your projects to enhance readability and control your text layout.

At Vikrant Academy, we recommend practicing white-space effects on menus, cards, and headers to fully master responsive and dynamic text layouts in modern web development.

15. CSS Italic: How to Make Text Italic Using CSS

Page Last Updated: December 2025
By Vikrant Academy Team

If you want to emphasize part of your text on a web page, making it italic is a common choice. Italic text draws attention, denotes titles of works, or follows style guides. In this article, we’ll show how to use CSS to italicize text properly across your HTML pages.

What is Italic Text and Why Use It?

Italic text is a slanted font style used to emphasize content. Common use cases include:

• Highlighting important words or phrases
• Denoting titles of books, movies, or artworks
• Following a website’s typography style guide

⚠️ Tip: Avoid overusing italics. Too much emphasis makes text hard to read and reduces its impact.

How to Italicize Text Using CSS

The most standard way to italicize text is using the CSS font-style property.

Syntax of font-style

font-style: normal | italic | oblique | initial | inherit;

• normal – Default font style
• italic – Italicizes text
• oblique – Slants text slightly (similar to italic)
• initial – Resets property to default
• inherit – Inherits font-style from parent element

Example 1: Using an External CSS Stylesheet

stylesheet.css

body {

background-color: white;

}

h1 {

color: blue;

}

p {

color: black;

}

.italicized {

font-style: italic;

}

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<link rel=”stylesheet” href=”stylesheet.css”>

</head>

<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<div class=”italicized”>This text will be italicized.</div>

</body>

</html>

Example 2: Embedded CSS

You can also include CSS inside the <style> tag in your HTML file:

<head>

<style>

.italicized {

font-style: italic;

}

</style>

</head>

This method is convenient for small projects but less maintainable than external stylesheets.

Example 3: Inline CSS

Inline CSS works in a pinch but mixes content with styling:

<div style=”font-style: italic;”>This text will be italicized.</div>

⚠️ Note: Avoid using inline styles for large projects.

Common Questions About CSS Italic

What is “Faux Italic”?

If a font does not include an italic version, browsers may simulate it. This is called faux italic, but the result often looks distorted.

How to Use a Custom Italic Font

Use the @font-face rule to link an italic version of a custom font:

@font-face {

font-family: ‘Ubuntu’;

src: url(‘Ubuntu-RI-webfont.woff’) format(‘woff’);

font-weight: normal;

font-style: italic;

}

body {

font-family: ‘Ubuntu’, sans-serif;

}

Now, when you set font-style: italic; on an element, the browser will use the true italic version of the Ubuntu font.

Best Practices

• Use font-style: italic in external CSS whenever possible.
• Ensure your font family has an italic version to avoid faux italic.
• Use italics sparingly to highlight text without reducing readability.

Conclusion

Italicizing text with CSS is simple yet powerful. With the font-style property, you can add emphasis, follow style guides, and improve the readability of your content.

To master CSS further, explore topics like text transformations, flexbox vs grid, and CSS overlays. Vikrant Academy offers comprehensive tutorials and courses for beginners and advanced developers alike.

16. 12React Projects for All Skill Levels

Page Last Updated: December 2025
By Vikrant Academy Team

The best way to learn React is by building projects. Hands-on experience helps you understand how real-world applications work, while keeping you engaged by showing the results immediately.

React is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces (UI), so the most interesting projects focus on UI/UX design. If you already know JavaScript, React will be easier to pick up—you just need to learn the library and its components.

Below, we’ve compiled 12 React project ideas, organized by skill level: beginner, moderate, and advanced.

Beginner React Projects

Beginner projects are simple, yet provide the foundation for learning React components, state, and props.

1. React Resume Template

Create a one-page resume app. Focus on UI/UX design and responsiveness.

• Challenge yourself with infinite scroll or multimedia integration (videos, audio).
• Make it reusable for others, not just yourself.
• Example: react-resume-template

2. React Weather App

Fetch weather data from an API and display it. Start simple, then expand with:

• One-day, one-week, or one-month forecasts
• Automatic location detection
• Dark mode and customization options
• Example: react-weather-app

3. React Productivity App

Start with a to-do list, then expand to a Kanban-style system with tasks:

• Multiple projects and categories
• Alerts for deadlines
• Multi-user collaboration
• Example: react-project-management

4. React Calculator App

Create a functional calculator. Challenge yourself with:

• Keypress support
• Undo functionality
• Graphing calculator features
• Example: calculator

Moderate React Projects

These projects require intermediate knowledge of React and cover authentication, real-time updates, and API integration.

5. React Social Media App

Build a platform where users can share posts or images.

• Include login/authentication
• Aggregator options (e.g., pull posts from Twitter, Instagram)
• Example: react-social-network

6. React Real-Time Messenger App

Learn real-time communication using React and web sockets.

• Add emojis, typing indicators, or content filters
• Multi-user chatrooms
• Example: react-live-chat-loader

7. React Help Desk Ticketing System

Create a customer support ticketing system:

• Prioritize tickets and escalate as needed
• Mobile and desktop-friendly
• Example: react-help-desk

8. React Blogging or Forum App

Build a platform for content creation:

• Blog posts with WYSIWYG editors
• Comments and user customization
• Authentication and account management
• Example: simple-react-blog

Advanced React Projects

Advanced projects simulate professional applications and are ideal for your portfolio.

9. React Ecommerce App

Build a shopping platform with:

• Shopping carts, wishlists
• Secure API integration for payments
• Multi-currency support and scalability
• Example: node-react-ecommerce

10. React Video Sharing App

Create a YouTube-style platform:

• Video categorization and recommendations
• Compression and playback optimization
• Example: video-sharing-site

11. React Music Streaming App

Build a Spotify-like app:

• Suggestion engine based on user preferences
• Creator upload and credit system
• Shuffle, repeat, and monetization options
• Example: echo

12. React Freelancer Portal App

Develop a platform for freelancers and clients:

• Manage two account types (freelancers and businesses)
• Bid management, internal messaging, and payments
• Example: freelance-portal

Next Steps with React

• Is React suitable for large projects?
  Yes. React is lightweight, scalable, and works in almost any environment.
• How do you start a React project?
  Use the React library in your JavaScript program. Tools like Create React App simplify setup with an internal compiler.

React is best learned by building real applications. Start small, then progress to intermediate and advanced projects to strengthen your UI/UX, state management, and component skills.

17. 45javaScript Projects to Test Your Skills

Page Last Updated: December 2025
By Vikrant Academy Team

The Latin phrase “Usus facit perfectum”—or “practice makes perfect”—is especially true for JavaScript. The more you use JavaScript, the more skilled you become. Building projects not only improves your coding abilities but also helps you earn certifications, land better jobs, and become a stronger team member.

Below are 45 JavaScript project ideas, starting from beginner to advanced, designed to help you practice and master JavaScript fundamentals, DOM manipulation, and real-world application development.

Beginner JavaScript Projects

1. Background Image Slider

• Click arrows to navigate through images
• Hover effect on buttons
• Loop back to the first image after the last one
• Optional: add smooth transitions

2. Expanding Cards

• Clickable cards that expand to show full content
• Display images, stats, videos, or reviews
• Visual effects with CSS transitions

3. Switch Background Color

• Clickable box to change colors
• Random color sequences
• Optional: make text clickable instead of the box

4. Hex Background Color Switch

• Change background color using hex codes
• Button displays current hex color
• Optional: dynamically generate random hex colors

5. Counter

• Buttons to increase/decrease value
• Display the number prominently
• Optional: change background color on each click

6. Testimonials Slider

• Show customer reviews with images and ratings
• Navigate using arrows
• Optional: dynamic background per testimonial

7. Modal

• Landing page with clickable button
• Show a pop-up with items, hover effects, and search categories

8. Form Validator

• Registration form with username, email, and password
• Validate inputs and display messages

9. Calculator

• Perform basic arithmetic operations
• Display the full equation
• Optional: hover effects, decimal support, clear button

10. Tip Calculator

• Calculate tip per person
• Adjust bill, people count, and service quality
• Optional: real-time calculations

11. Shopping Cart

• Add items to a shopping cart
• Display total price and item count
• Optional: preview cart items

12. Shopping List

• Input items to create a dynamic list
• Delete individual items
• Optional: add background images

13. Course Form

• Users sign up for a course
• Input fields for name, course, and teacher
• Optional: drop-down menu for course selection

14. Flashcards

• Add question-answer pairs
• Save, edit, delete cards
• Optional: sort alphabetically or by difficulty

15. Budget Application

• Track expenses and remaining budget
• Categorize expenses
• Optional: dynamic charts or graphs

16. Random Joke Generator

• Display jokes randomly
• Optional: GIF animations for fun

17. Random Person Generator

• Generate a person’s name, picture, and contact info
• Optional: use for team selection or character creation

18. Analogue Clock

• Show real-time hours, minutes, seconds
• Optional: smooth sweeping second hand

19. Kelvin to Fahrenheit Converter

• Input temperature in Kelvin
• Convert and display in Fahrenheit
• Optional: add Celsius and other unit conversions

20. Mortgage Loan Calculator

• Calculate monthly payments
• Adjust loan amount, interest, and period
• Optional: dynamic visual indicators

21. Quote of the Day

• Randomly display quotes from a database
• Optional: create a guessing game for authors

22. BMI Calculator

• Calculate body mass index based on height and weight
• Optional: add different units (inches, pounds)

23. Weight Conversion

• Convert pounds to kilograms
• Optional: add more unit conversions

Additional JavaScript Project Ideas

These projects focus on interactive elements, games, or utility apps:

• Background color changer
• Brick-breaking game
• Digital clock
• Countdown timer
• Word counter
• Contact form
• Interactive quiz
• Rock-paper-scissors game
• Balloon pop game
• RSS newsfeed
• Hangman game
• To-do list
• Recipe app
• Bill payment calculator
• Tic-tac-toe game
• Alphabetical organizer
• Height conversion app
• Whack-a-mole game

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What projects can I do with JavaScript?
A: You can build any app that involves dynamic interaction, including games, calculators, web apps, and interactive interfaces.

Q: How do I start a JavaScript project?
A: Start by installing a code editor like VS Code or Atom, and create HTML, CSS, and JS files. Follow tutorials or project guides to build and test your app.

Q: Can I use HTML, CSS, and JavaScript together?
A: Absolutely. They form the core of front-end development, allowing you to create fully functional web applications. For database integration, consider learning SQL or other backend technologies.

18. The Many Ways to Check if a Python String Contains a Substring

Page Last Updated: December 2025
By Vikrant Academy Team

Checking if a Python string contains a substring is a common task in programming. Fortunately, Python provides multiple ways to do this, depending on whether you need a simple Boolean result, the location of the substring, or the number of occurrences.

Let’s explore the most common methods.

1. Using the __contains__() Method

The Python str class has a __contains__() method that returns True if the substring exists and False otherwise.

my_string = “This is the string being checked.”

my_substring = “string”

if my_string.__contains__(my_substring):

print(“String contains substring!”)

else:

print(“String does not contain substring”)

You can also call it directly from the class:

if str.__contains__(my_string, my_substring):

print(“String contains substring!”)

else:

print(“String does not contain substring”)

2. Using the index() Method

If you need the position of the substring, use the index() method.

template = “Hello {name}, How are you!”

name_index = template.index(“{name}”) # = 6

print(name_index)

⚠️ Note: Raises a ValueError if the substring is not found.

3. Using the find() Method

The find() method is similar to index() but returns -1 if the substring is not found. It also allows optional start and end parameters.

template = “Hello {name}, How are you!”

print(template.find(“{name}”)) # = 6

my_string = “She sells sea shells and sea glass by the sea shore”

print(my_string.find(“sea”, 11, 40)) # = 25

4. Using the count() Method

If you want to count occurrences of a substring:

my_string = “She sells sea shells and sea glass by the sea shore”

print(my_string.count(“sea”)) # = 3

5. Using the in Operator

The in operator is a shorthand for __contains__() and returns a Boolean:

my_string = “This is the string being checked.”

my_substring = “string”

if my_substring in my_string:

print(“String contains substring!”)

else:

print(“String does not contain substring”)

It also works with lists, tuples, and other iterables.

6. Using Regular Expressions

For pattern matching, Python’s re module is useful:

import re

my_string = “This is the string being checked.”

my_substring = “string”

if re.search(my_substring, my_string):

print(“String contains substring!”)

else:

print(“String does not contain substring”)

7. Using the operator.contains() Method

Another Boolean-based method uses Python’s operator module:

import operator

my_string = “This is the string being checked.”

my_substring = “string”

if operator.contains(my_string, my_substring):

print(“String contains substring!”)

else:

print(“String does not contain substring”)

⚡ Things to Remember

• Most methods are case-sensitive. Use .lower() or .upper() for case-insensitive checks.
• Choose the method based on your needs:
  • Boolean → in operator, __contains__(), or operator.contains()
  • Substring index → find() or index()
  • Count occurrences → count()
  • Pattern match → re.search()
• Consider multiple occurrences and their positions when choosing a method.

19. Using the ROUND() Function in Python with FLOOR and CEIL – A Complete Guide

Page Last Updated: December 2025
By Vikrant Academy Team

Python is one of the most versatile and widely used programming languages. Among its many features, mathematical functions like ROUND(), FLOOR(), CEIL(), and TRUNC() are fundamental tools for developers, especially when dealing with numeric data.

In this guide, we’ll explain how to use Python’s ROUND() function effectively, common mistakes to avoid, and alternatives for specialized rounding needs.

Introduction to Python ROUND() Function

The ROUND() function in Python rounds a number to the nearest integer or a specified number of decimal places. This function is widely used in financial calculations, statistical analysis, and situations where human-readable numbers are preferred.

Basic Usage

round(12.345) # Output: 12

round(-12.345) # Output: -12

round(0.12345) # Output: 0

• Python uses banker’s rounding by default: numbers with .5 or higher round up, and numbers below .5 round down.
• Always use parentheses: round 12.345 will throw an error.

Setting Precision with ROUND()

You can round numbers to a certain number of decimal places by providing a second argument:

round(12.345, 2) # Output: 12.35

round(12.345, 0) # Output: 12.0

This feature is useful when working with prices, averages, or scientific data.

Common Mistakes Using ROUND()

1. Skipping parentheses: Always write round(number) instead of round number.
2. Ignoring rounding type: ROUND() uses banker’s rounding by default. For ceiling, floor, or truncation, use the respective functions.
3. Not specifying decimal places: If precision is required, always use the second argument.

Alternatives to Python ROUND()

Python’s math module provides alternatives for different rounding strategies.

import math

1. Using CEIL() to Round Up

CEIL() rounds a number up to the nearest integer:

math.ceil(12.345) # Output: 13

math.ceil(-12.345) # Output: -12

Use case: When you always need a number rounded up, e.g., calculating required resources or ingredient measurements.

2. Using FLOOR() to Round Down

FLOOR() rounds a number down to the nearest integer:

math.floor(12.345) # Output: 12

math.floor(-12.345) # Output: -13

Use case: When you need the minimum possible value, such as inventory limits or pagination counts.

3. Using TRUNC() to Remove Decimals

TRUNC() returns only the integer part of a number:

math.trunc(12.345) # Output: 12

math.trunc(-12.345) # Output: -12

Unlike FLOOR() and CEIL(), TRUNC() can be combined with precision control to truncate at a specific decimal.

Programming Your Own ROUND Function

You can implement a custom rounding function without using Python’s built-in ROUND():

def custom_round(number):

integer_part = int(number)

decimal_part = number – integer_part

if decimal_part >= 0.5:

return integer_part + 1

return integer_part

custom_round(12.345) # Output: 12

custom_round(12.678) # Output: 13

This exercise helps you understand rounding logic and customize it for specific use cases.

Other Useful Python Math Functions

Python provides many basic math functions that complement rounding functions:

• abs(x) → Absolute value
• sqrt(x) → Square root
• pow(x, y) → Power of a number
• log(x) → Natural logarithm
• sin(x), cos(x), tan(x) → Trigonometric functions

These functions are especially useful in data analysis, scientific computing, and algorithm development.

Key Takeaways

• ROUND() rounds numbers to the nearest integer or specified decimal precision.
• For special rounding needs, use CEIL(), FLOOR(), or TRUNC() from the math module.
• Parentheses and precision are crucial for accurate results.
• Python’s rounding functions are essential in finance, statistics, and general programming tasks.

Python is a powerful and flexible language, and mastering rounding functions is an important step for any developer, student, or data scientist.

20. Perl vs Python: Which Programming Language Should You Learn in 2025?

Page Last Updated: December 2025
By Vikrant Academy Team

If you’re considering learning a new programming language, you might be wondering whether to pick Perl or Python. Both are high-level, interpreted languages, but they serve very different purposes, have different community support, and drastically different career prospects.

In this guide, we’ll compare Perl and Python on usability, popularity, career opportunities, and use cases to help you make an informed decision.

An Introduction to Perl

Perl was created by Larry Wall in 1988 and quickly became a popular language for web development, CGI scripts, and small automation tasks. While Perl is easy to learn at a basic level, mastering it can be challenging due to its complex syntax and reliance on legacy libraries.

Hello World in Perl:

#!/usr/bin/perl

use strict;

use warnings;

print(“Hello, world!”);

Perl 6 / Raku

The latest version of Perl, initially called Perl 6, was released in 2015 and later renamed Raku. While Raku modernized the language and addressed some of Perl’s historical issues, it is not widely adopted in professional development.

Raku is best suited for hobbyists or learners interested in exploring Perl’s capabilities, but it is not yet a mainstream choice for career-focused developers.

Python 101: Why Python is Popular

Python, created by Guido van Rossum in 1991, is now one of the most popular programming languages in the world. It’s known for its readability, simplicity, and versatility.

Python is widely used in:

• Web development (Django, Flask)
• Desktop and mobile applications
• Data science and machine learning
• Automation and scripting

Hello World in Python:

print(“Hello, world!”)

Python’s simplicity, large community, and extensive libraries make it easier for beginners to learn and for professionals to build complex applications efficiently.

Perl vs Python: Side-by-Side Comparison

Feature	Perl	Python
Developed	1988	1991
Lead Developer	Larry Wall	Guido van Rossum
Ease of Use	Easy	Very Easy
Language Type	Interpreted	Interpreted
Popular Use Cases	CGI scripts, web automation	Web, desktop, mobile apps, data science, ML
Developer Community	~500,000	~8,000,000
Average Salary	~$118,000	~$115,000

Ease of Learning: Perl vs Python

Both languages are considered beginner-friendly.

• Perl: Easier to pick up for small scripts, but mastering it requires learning unique libraries and advanced syntax.
• Python: Extremely beginner-friendly, widely taught in schools and bootcamps, and backed by a massive community.

If your goal is career growth and long-term relevance, Python is the clear winner.

Popularity and Community Support

Python has a massive user base and extensive library support, making it ideal for modern programming tasks. Perl, while still used in legacy systems, has a declining community.

• Python: ~8.2 million developers
• Perl: ~500,000 developers

A larger community means more resources, tutorials, and frameworks, and more job opportunities.

Career Opportunities and Salaries

While Python dominates in popularity, Perl experts can command high salaries due to their rarity.

• Perl developers: Average $118,000/year, with top earners reaching $137,000/year
• Python developers: Average $115,000/year, with variation based on specialization (web, ML, data science)

If you aim for machine learning or data science, Python is essential. If you aim to maintain legacy systems, Perl could be profitable due to the niche demand.

Use Cases: When to Use Perl or Python

• Perl: Best for CGI scripts, short automation scripts, and legacy system maintenance.
• Python: Best for web development, desktop apps, mobile apps, data science, machine learning, and automation.

Python’s versatility and large ecosystem make it more practical for modern applications.

Companies Using Perl and Python

• Python: Google, Facebook, Spotify, Instagram, Netflix
• Perl: Amazon, MIT, Venmo, Klarna, SendGrid

While Python dominates modern tech, Perl remains in use for legacy systems in large companies.

Conclusion: Which Language Should You Learn?

For most programmers today, Python is the clear choice:

• Fastest-growing language
• Beginner-friendly
• Widely used in industry
• Excellent career prospects

However, learning Perl can be beneficial if you aim to work on legacy systems or want to understand programming history. Both languages are valuable, but Python is the safer investment for long-term career growth.

INTERN NAME:- SUMIT KUMAR

ROLE:- DATABASE MANAGEMENT

EMAIL:- sumit.kumar@vikrantacademy.org

GMAIL:- sumitkrman@gmail.com

TOPIC:- DEVLOPMENT